Cyber Money Laundering in India free essay sample

Cash resembles fire, a component as meager disturbed by lecturing as earth, air and water. Men can utilize it as an apparatus or they can move around it as though it were the manifestation of a divine being. Cash votes communist or monarchist, finds a benefit in erotic entertainment or interpretations from the Bible, commissions Rembrandt and guarantees the innovation of Auschwitz. It procures its importance from the utilizations to which it is put. Benjamin Franklin stated, â€Å"Money has never satisfied man, nor will it; there is nothing in its tendency to deliver bliss. The a greater amount of it one has the more one wants†. Raghu Raman, â€Å"Five kinds of violations are presently meeting. Digital violations, for example, wholesale fraud, illicit access to email, and charge card extortion are meeting up with illegal tax avoidance and fear based oppressor exercises. A lot of cash is currently put away in advanced structure. Presently you can move cash through electronic and online doors to numerous records. † †¢ in the first place, laundering cash was a physical exertion. The specialty of covering the presence, the unlawful source, or illicit utilization of salary, and afterward masking that pay to cause it to seem real required that the launderer have the way to truly ship the hard money. The stunt was, and still is, to abstain from drawing in undesirable consideration, in this manner alarming the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and other government offices engaged with looking out not well gotten gains. In what could be depicted as the â€Å"low-tech† universe of tax evasion, the way toward cleaning â€Å"dirty money† was restricted by the inventive capacity to control the physical world. Other than flying money out of one nation and storing it in an outside manage an account with less rigid financial laws, paying off a bank employee, or discretely buying genuine or individual property, the great methodology was for a â€Å"smurf† to store money at a bank. Digital laundering is another approach to conceal the returns of wrongdoing and the development of mechanical arrangements of electronic installments and web based betting has disposed of the requirement for existence when contrasted with the customary method of illegal tax avoidance to accompli sh Cyber washing. Nations with bank-mystery laws are legitimately associated with nations with bank-announcing laws, making it conceivable to secretly store â€Å"dirty† cash in one nation and afterward have it moved to some other nation for use. Contingent upon which universal office you ask, lawbreakers wash anyplace between $500 billion and $1 trillion worldwide consistently. The worldwide impact is faltering in social, financial and security terms. Psychological oppressor reserves are reused in the budgetary framework through an assortment of layering methods which exploit administrative and administrative shortcomings. †¢ The maltreatment of the Internet by tax criminals is conceivably a critical danger. Till date, there are just not many criminal cases concerning alleged digital washing. However, there are a few side effects saw by worldwide associations, law implementation organizations, budgetary insight units and money related foundations. Hoodlums have been continually looking for better approaches to clean their illegal increases so as to remain in front of law implementation. Comparable circumstance was if there should be an occurrence of wire moves during the 80s and 90s. Because of its decentralized structure, the web has progressively become the instrument of decision of numerous hoodlums to channel assets starting with one worldwide area then onto the next, now and then in simple minutes and, whenever took care of expertly, without leaving follows. In spite of the fact that the sums in this way moved are as of now suspected to be still generally little contrasted with the general volume of assets washed, the act of utilizing the web as an apparatus to conceal the inceptions of unlawful assets is developing quick. What's more, as lawbreakers and fear based oppressors over the world get progressively digital adroit, they make increasingly more every now and again utilization of the previously mentioned focal points of the web and in this way prevail in continually remaining a few strides in front of most law authorization officials, who are just continuously beginning to get to holds with the for all intents and purposes boundless prospects of the overall web. WHAT ATTRACTS CYBER MONEY LAUNDRERS? There are scarcely any highlights of the Internet which pull in lawbreakers: 1) Anonymity: The Internet is by all accounts a â€Å"place† where you can shroud yourself among a large number of different clients; where you can profess to be another person since nobody can really distinguish you. Yet, it appears that is not, at this point valid, since there are some lawful commitments put on Internet Service Providers to record and keep log documents for an extensive stretch of time. They show which PC and when was associated with Internet. This measure is being utilized to battle PC violations. It makes law enforcement’s work to follow somebodys movement in the internet simpler. Obviously there are a few way to bypass them and to keep the namelessness. They incorporate Internet Protocol (IP) ridiculing, utilization of modem associations (each time client interfaces he gets distinctive IP address), Wireless Fidelity innovation which permits to manhandle freely open supposed â€Å"hot spots† or unprotected switches to interface with the Internet, utilization of prepaid telephones as modem so as to interface with the Internet (it conceals the personality of a client). Additionally the utilization of encryption innovation (generally accessible on the Internet) and numerous intermediary servers thwarts the endeavors of law implementation to get cybercriminals. ) No Face-To-Face contact: This is known as the depersonalization of money related activities. At the point when we are utilizing one of the budgetary administrations accessible on the Internet, we really utilize our PC (and programming) which associates with the banks server. The entire procedure of setting orders (making solicitations) and executing them is completely (or in part) programmed without the nearness of a human factor. So in certainty we can without much of a stretch profess to be another person each time we â€Å"visit† bank in the internet. The money related institution’s server checks just two things the login (e. . novel ID number) and the secret phrase †not the genuine personality of a client. On the off chance that the data is right (which means equivalent to the one put away in servers memory), the entrance is conceded. Accordingly, it is more diligently to distinguish and hold up exchanges identified with illegal tax avoidance exercises. It likewise removes another expected wellspring of revealing dubious exchanges †money related foundation representatives. 3) Speed of the exchanges: Money laundering procedure would be more affordable and quicker as the one utilizing ‘normal’ or old-style exchanges. New installment advancements license to move supports all the more quickly on significant distances and make law authorization work considerably progressively convoluted. Some of them are immediate e. g. inside one money related foundation. It permits launderers to move supports rapidly inside one nation or even around the world. Basically it makes concealing the illegal wellspring of cash simpler and hard to follow. It makes additionally the entire technique less expensive. 4) Globalization process: free development of merchandise, administrations, individuals and new installment advancements: The globalization of economy incorporates the need for individuals (business visionaries nd clients) to move, put away and go through cash any place they need to. So as to accomplish that with the assistance of creating data innovation, there have developed new installment advancements. They permit liberating ourselves from conveying enormous amounts of money, just as to do organizations at a significant distance. Another word is â€Å"investments mobility†. Access to the Internet and to on-line administrations is simple and normal. This channel of the dissemination of money related or speculation items has become significant factor. These administrations will turn out to be considerably increasingly noteworthy for monetary organizations sooner rather than later. There is additionally a pattern to decrease any deterrents (counting lawful ones) in exchange between nations or moving assets around the globe to discover increasingly effective method of contributing them. 5) Cross outskirt movement: includes a few wards, common lawful help bargains issues: The on-line administration provider’s house for the most part varies from where the servers are situated as a general rule, from where these servers are administrated, or from where the customer gets to the Internet. The new installment advances let us directing business between various nations, different legitimate frameworks. It implies there are a few locales associated with the instance of an offense. What's more, the collaboration between law requirement, income administrations and legal executive is one of the most troublesome undertakings undoubtedly. Despite the fact that there are a lot of common lawful help settlements and worldwide shows. So in actuality it is simpler to escape from the administration offices with cash got from illegal exercises. Be that as it may, we can't stop the improvement of new installment innovations so as to battle wrongdoing (counting tax evasion), since a portion of these highlights are significant for legitimate business exercises, as well. They envelop speed of exchanges, access to clients or partners and ability to stretch out past national outskirt. Thus we have to discover another approach to forestall and battle tax evasion in the internet. It must be focused on that the launderers and different lawbreakers wipe on the improvement of new installment advancements. Then again they likewise animate that improvement by misusing it. As it were we have to gain proficiency with the causes and the phenomenology of digital washing so as to battle it productively or just to control it. All in all ‘Cyber Payments’ can be portrayed as installments which encourage the exchange of money related an incentive in the Internet. Some call it computerized money or e-money, yet those terms spread just a piece of the marvel. That innovation strongly affects the manner in which we work together, move cash (and different qualities) and the money arranged society. The com

What do you consider to be the main causes of social conflict in Britain’s cities in the last ten years?

What do you consider to be the primary driver of social clash in Britain's urban areas over the most recent ten years? Stephenie Thourgood What do you consider to be the primary driver of social clash in Britain's Cities over the most recent ten years? This article expects to present sorts of social clash that win in the present society and distinguish potential causes to the social clash that has happened in British urban communities inside the most recent decade. Social clash is the battle between people or gatherings of individuals inside a general public that have contradicting convictions/interests to different gatherings. From these battles, pressures are delivered and are communicated in an assortment of ways frequently through enemy of social conduct, for example, burglary, drugs, riots, assaults, exhibitions, strikes, hooliganism and vandalism. The fundamental focal point of this paper will be the causes behind the mobs in British urban communities over the most recent ten years, as mobs are a type of social clash simpler to quantify than different structures; Riots happen inconsistently and keep going for a specific length. Wrongdoing for instance is a continuous procedure in every aspect of the nation. The exposition will finish up by recommending changes to be made to decrease social clash in Britain. England has a past filled with city revolts that were presumably generally noticeable in the 1980's in territories, for example, Brixton and Manchester. There have been thirteen recorded uproars somewhere in the range of 1991 and 1992 where the police incidentally lost power over the viciousness. The entirety of the uproars happened in chamber homes on the fringe of London in low-salary territories with long standing financial issues. Joblessness levels were far over the national normal. The members were transcendently youthful white British guys matured somewhere in the range of 10 and 30 years of age. There would in general be a high convergence of youngsters, in certain territories over portion of the inhabitants were under 24 years old (Power, A 1997. ppix). People in the public eye have named this gathering of individuals the ‘underclass'. There are anyway various understandings of what is implied by the ‘underclass'. Doubtlessly in a period where the class framework is apparently dead, class contrasts despite everything exist. The ‘underclass' in this paper will be considered as individuals with † low instructive accomplishment, an absence of satisfactory aptitudes †¦. ,common spatial area, reliance on government assistance, joblessness and under-employment†¦ obsessive family structures and the between generational transmission of destitution; contribution in the unreported economy and a pre-mien to criminal and scattered behaviour†( Crowther, C, 1997 pp7). In the manner that the regular workers had little force in the entrepreneur framework until they shaped a worldwide collusion all things considered (low class), the underclass also battle to have any kind of effect until they join together and revolt (Dicken, P 1990). There are numerous purposes for social clash and there are additionally impetuses that trigger the social issue, for example, riots. Network is frequently a gathering of individuals with shared interests, a local where occupants feel a feeling of recognizable proof and having a place. Customarily a feeling of network was based around the local you lived. This idea is quick falling apart as new network characters inside networks advance e. g. the ‘gay network' and ‘ethnic networks'. These divisions inside the network produce struggle as the different gatherings have various interests and seen needs in the area (Hogget, P, 1997). Social strains likewise happen due to demographical factors encompassing the networks. The lodging domains that frequently witness savage flare-ups will in general have a populace of dominatingly youngsters, jobless or on a low salary, living in chamber lodging. The home is then marked a monetarily denied territory. On the off chance that there were a blend in the abundance of the bequest, at that point good examples for the less well-off would exist and give the denied more youthful inhabitant something to strive for. Because of the youthful age of a huge level of the inhabitants, they are effectively affected and pulled in to the assembled savagery, as there is support from individual youthful occupants and companions. Littler gatherings of adolescents living on the bequests would think that its hard to establish a connection as numbers would be too little to even consider causing the enormous size of confusion obvious in the uproars of the most recent decade. â€Å"A blend of progressively develop family units with more youthful families would give more grounded network constraints† (Power, An etal, 1997, ppxi). There was an expansion in the measure of vagrants living in Britain since the 1950's, this is not, at this point supported and imperatives have been put upon the procedure. Recently showing up foreigners were housed in the less fortunate zones of Britain. Clearly unique ethnic gatherings have various societies and interests. By lodging them close by the less fortunate British occupants, altogether different gatherings had to live respectively in one network. Because of this procedure there turned into a high centralization of neediness stricken ethnic minority bunches living in thickly overpopulated territories, which made strains and weight on neighborhood administrations. Equivalent open doors approaches tried to wipe out racial segregation endured by the ethnic minorities, by expanding the measure of minority representatives. White jobless inhabitants work chasing would end up in direct rivalry with the minority gatherings and subsequently feel severe that the minority gatherings can acquire work in Britain where a portion of the British can not (Crowther, C 1997). â€Å"Although race was not a predominant issue in the uproars, singular minority families became focuses of hate† (Power, An etal. 1997 pp 20) The white inhabitants of the domains needed to censure somebody for their unfortunate circumstance and focused on ethnic minorities as substitutes to take their outrage out upon in a portion of the uproars. The monetary impediment of the occupants of these homes likewise added to the flare-ups. Training was frequently not strengthened by families on the bequests, as they also had never had the significance of instruction exhibited to them. Because of the absence of training, they was aware of no elective alternative to voice their conclusions by some other means than brutal strategies, for example, revolting. Low instructive accomplishment implied that kids didn't have the right stuff expected of them to turn into an individual from the work power, thus frequently got reliant upon government assistance (Crowther, C 1997). The arrangement of government assistance subverts singular obligation by giving normal human specialists the motivations to not work and accommodate themselves, along these lines making government assistance dependency† (Crowther, C 1997. pp9). Young ladies infrequently had any significant impact in the revolting. This can be clarified by the way that young ladies accomplished higher in school. They were more fruitful than young men in picking up work thus had a feeling of self-satisfaction. As young men's instructive achievement levels were lower they were presented to the sentiment of disappointment, which carried on into their long periods of occupation chasing (Power, An etal, 1997). A significant number of the young ladies may have been moms and as mother ladies may have perceived their duties socially and would not like to be related with the viciousness. Guys, be that as it may, didn't keep up their social job as a dad and promptly partook in the mobs (Ginsberg, N 1993). The downturn added to revolting likewise as it caused changes in the work advertise that when joined with racial rivalry prompted regularly expanding strains: â€Å"Throughout the course of their battle to improve their market circumstance the ‘white' work power frequently went into adversarial relations with ‘black workers. In this way the isolation of ‘white' from ‘black' laborers is formed by singular perspectives and actions† (Crowther, C 1997, pp 12) The youthful jobless individuals become exhausted as they have a lot of available time and restricted fund to seek after on fascinating exercises/interests. Because of this they frequently go to wrongdoing for methods for delight, fervor and to build their salary. Joblessness can give individuals a sentiment of low self-esteem and an absence of regard from their family. Different sorts of wrongdoing, for example, taking a vehicle may frequently win them regard from their companions and families particularly if there is monetary profit. This had a round impact anyway as wrongdoing on the home caused struggle between the deceived occupants and the criminal populace of the region (Altman, I 1975). Political elements can likewise assist with clarifying the purposes for social clash. The territories that will in general be inclined to aggravation will in general be zones that significant government programs are focussed upon. The Government made monstrous projects that involved putting away cash to improve lodging, transport and urban recharging. A domain based lodging office, an occupants affiliation, wellbeing ventures, network improvement believes, policing ventures are instances of the kinds of projects started. They expected to improve the quick region of the less fortunate homes, however the projects had a transient effect. The facts confirm that the tasks improved the personal satisfaction for the inhabitants, however nothing was done to expand instruction or employment possibilities. The administration gave the bequests no way to constantly bolster themselves and support their improved way of life. After time the administrations got run down again and the jobless occupant is as yet poor and baffled. Government assets were scant as they attempted to separate the financial plan between all the various needs of the sub-networks inside the network (Hogget, P 1997). â€Å"The cost of developing reliance by network associations on such projects in any territories became apparent†¦. local gatherings frequently wound up in a battle for scant resources†¦ which exacerbated existing lines of strain between networks of difference† ( Hoggett, P 1997 pp10). Inhabitants were already not engaged with the dynamic procedure on how financing was to be

Luxury brands growth in India Essay Example for Free

Extravagance brands development in India Essay Absence of value extravagance space, condition and deficiency of high road or too premium shopping centers is a prime purpose behind confined nearness of extravagance marks in India, along these lines there is a desperate requirement for modernized and devoted extravagance retail regions in ensured regions, for example, air terminals, as indicated by an ongoing ASSOCHAM-KPMG joint investigation. Setting up stores in high boulevards influences extravagance retailers gainfulness because of soaring rental expenses, in addition, high lanes are jumbled, swarmed and are unacceptable because of the nonattendance of selective climate that extravagance retail requests, as indicated by an investigation on Challenges featured by extravagance retailers in India, together led by The Associated Chambers of Commerce and Industry of India (ASSOCHAM) and KPMG. The Indian extravagance showcase developed at a sound pace of 30% to reach $8. 5 billion out of 2013 and is probably going to keep developing at a sound pace of about 20%, and reach $14 billion by 2016 inferable from rising number of rich individuals, developing working class, well-to-do youthful shoppers and other related components. However, India as of now appreciates only one-two percent share in the worldwide extravagance showcase yet it is the fifth most appealing business sector for universal retailers. Divided and expanded customer base in India is another huge test being looked by extravagance retailers in India as high total assets individual ( HNI) buyers are difficult to reach, noticed the ASSOCHAM-KPMG study. Extravagance brands need to deliberately structure their development intends to tap request across three classes of HNIs, to be specific the inheritors (generally well off) who are constant spenders; the expert tip top who are observing spenders; a huge section of business goliaths (business visionaries, proprietors of little and medium ventures) who have the cash yet need thankfulness for fine extravagance merchandise in view of no earlier presentation to such items, it included. There is a requirement for extravagance brands to concentrate on extension in the sort and nature of items being offered and progressively embrace imaginative advertising intends to tap quickly developing buyer social patterns, said Mr D. S. Rawat, secretary general of ASSOCHAM while discharging discoveries of the investigation. Extravagance retailers need to design out of the container advertising procedures and concoct items that are customized to suit the impulses and likes of shifted Indian clients, said Rawat. Extravagance is not, at this point a superficial point of interest yet is currently a way of life and the worldwide brands need to quick advance and learn approaches to adjust inside the nearby condition with the goal that they can get acclimated with subtleties of the market by understanding the social personality of Indian buyers. Absence of arrangement support is another noticeable test being looked by extravagance marks in India, noticed the ASSOCHAM-KPMG study. In spite of solid interest energy, Indian extravagance showcase has not been seen as approaches and guidelines cordial for the extravagance retailers, the report said. Import obligations (20-150 percent) are generally higher and this is considered as a key fear factor among the global players, who may oppose them to outline forceful development plans for India, noticed the investigation. Conditions, for example, 100% outside direct venture (FDI) in both single and multi-brand retail requires 30% of nearby sourcing, declared in the changed FDI strategy in extravagance retail in November 2013 could be hard for the worldwide extravagance players to conform to. The obligations are complex going from customs obligation, counter veiling obligation (CVD), extraordinary extra assessment, training cess adding to the general expense, said Rawat. Plus, extravagance retail is additionally influenced by the arrangement of greatest retail cost as it applies to custom obligations and to falling after the custom duties, in this way vigorously punishing remote brands pushing their general passage costs by up to 40%. Absence of prepared staff is another very much recognized test confronting Indian extravagance retail industry which requires more noteworthy attentiveness and information with respect to a sales rep, further featured the ASSOCHAM-KPMG study. Deficiency of talented work for the business is a significant reason for worry as it is hard to cause the neighborhood workforce to comprehend the legacy and heritage of the brand alongside the particular completions associated with the assembling procedure, said Rawat. Without these essential ranges of abilities, brands have no alternative yet to produce in their nation of cause; absence of talented specialists can likewise be credited to the business work where introduction and relational aptitudes structure a fundamental component for the business. Developing pervasiveness of fake extravagance products and a dim market are additionally hampering the development of the business, noticed the ASSOCHAM-KPMG study. The vast majority of these items have a place with portions, for example, clothing, aromas and embellishments, which are generally lower ticket things and can be handily positioned in dim channels. Extravagance players in India keep on confronting flexibly side issues, for example, lawful escape clauses relating tointellectual property rights, lacking intends to screen different developing channels, and a developing number of online entryways, among different variables, the examination included. An aggregate, industry wide exertion is probably going to have a broad effect in managing the issue as observed in different businesses, for example, movies and music. Mindfulness and joint effort likewise should be worked with specialists, who have encountered significant income lossesâ because of loss of charges and obligations, on the best way to manage fakes, further recommended the investigation to counter the developing threat of fake extravagance items. Restorative estimates should be taken to oust the development of dark extravagance merchandise showcase in India which brings about sizeable income misfortunes for firms, said Rawat, and included that a solid legitimate structure joined with successful system of licensed innovation insurance would help forestall weakening of brand picture and decreased buyer trust. Measures in type of powerful protected innovation authorization, connecting escape clauses the legitimate and legal structure and higher conviction rates can help check the development of phony extravagance items, said Rawat. Data gathered through auxiliary sources, for example, web and nearby newspapers†¦

How Does Paid Employment Affect Your Identity Essay

How Does Paid Employment Affect Your Identity - Essay Example Marxist perspective on industrialist work: Karl Marx’s hypothesis of private enterprise is sufficiently noteworthy to comprehend the relationship of the personality of a person with that of the idea of his business. Karl Marx clarified in his work, the job of free enterprise in molding the advanced society. In his hypothesis he referenced the viability of private enterprise in keeping up a connection between various classes (Klegg, 1990, p.55). As per the hypothesis, the objective of the industrialist is to increase most extreme benefit in the business and for the most part the entrepreneur arrive at their objectives by the misuse of the work class. The industrialist misuse the states of the works by paying the works with compensation which are a lot lesser than their endeavors they put in for the work. The distinction in the estimation of the wages paid to the laborers goes about as a wellspring of benefit for the industrialist. As indicated by the hypothesis it tends to be g rasped that the rationale of the industrialist are constantly satisfied as they take an advantage and chooses the destiny of the others. This nature of the industrialist or the businesses distinguishes them as exploiters of the general public and the laborers or the workers in the general public are alluded as the misused area of the economy (Baiman, et al, 2000, pp.42-44). The general ID of the two expansive division of the general public can be achieved from the hypothesis of the entrepreneur work by Karl Marx. Karl Marx additionally held that the financial structure of the general public affects the contemplations of the individual and furthermore manages the conduct of the individuals. The perspective and the behaviorist example of the people is a directing variable for setting of a personality in the general public and decide the general notoriety of the person. The Marxian hypothesis likewise arranges the social structure dependent on the idea of work of the people. (Anderson and Taylor, 2010, p.17) Ervin Gofman’s hypothesis of dramaturgy and Impression the executives: The idea of dramaturgy was surrounded by the humanist Erving Goffman, where he acquired that the life of the people is symbolical to an endless play or dramatization and the individuals are the simple entertainers in the phase of life (Ritzer, 2004, p.211). The hypothesis of impression the executives was additionally conceived by him where he expressed that the people demonstrate a general inclination to control the conduct of others in the phase of life. In delineating the conduct of others different variables creep which are social setting, appearance and way of collaboration of a person. These components help to build up the connection between the personalities of an individual and the idea of his paid work (Kendall, 2011, p.574). The social setting of an individual is one of the managing elements to decide the personality of an individual. The pay level of an individual develops the social setting of an individual and in this manner helps in making his character in the general public. An Individual with elevated level of pay will in general have a flashy social setting gives a valiant effort to make a personality among the individuals that he has a place with the upper degree of society. On the opposite the lower monetary areas of the general public don't have a lot of asset to draw the consideration of individuals. Their social setting is without any materialistic thing as they face difficult time in satisfying their essential needs. As indicated by Goffman, appearance of an individual is additionally an essential factor in setting up his character in t

Diagnostic Essay Example

Diagnostic Essay ExampleWhat is a diagnostic essay example? The diagnostic essay, which as the name indicates, deals with diseases and medical conditions, is one of the major forms of essay that deals with medical issues. The diagnostic essay is often viewed as an essay that will aid in diagnosing a problem.The diagnostic essay consists of a list of symptoms and problems. It also contains an analysis of the list of symptoms and problems. The diagnostic essay is one that addresses the problems of others.A good diagnostic essay requires very particular skills to write and deliver. The diagnostic essay must include a problem or a set of problems that are being addressed. It must contain a list of symptoms and a list of the situations or events that are said to explain or cause the symptoms.Once the list of symptoms has been written out and analyzed, it is then time to write the diagnostic essay. It should be well structured, complete, concise and deliver a clear statement of the problem s. It should be able to relate to the reader and be a logical and interesting essay. This is how you make your diagnostic essay, one that can be used by a doctor's assistant for diagnosing a patient's condition.Many people have also tried their hand at writing diagnostic essays to use as a basis in their own diagnostic work. Some have even managed to write diagnostic essays that have been used by physicians in diagnosing a condition.Some of the variations of diagnostic essays are described as such on various sites for the purpose of teaching and practicing how to write a diagnostic essay. The term diagnostic essay is used for several reasons, as stated in the website. One of those reasons is to prevent parents from unintentionally putting off something necessary for their child.Another reason for including a diagnostic essay in a standard diagnostic form is to provide the student with knowledge of the main things about a problem. For example, in the case of someone who has gotten in a car accident, it will be of great importance that the student understand the different parts of the body of the person being examined. So too is it important that the student understand the organs of the body that are being treated and whether there is any evidence of blood in the car.Whether or not you are writing diagnostic essays for your own use or as a good practice when looking for a job, the first thing that you need to do is understand the concept. The next step in understanding the concept is to write a simple diagnostic essay using a diagnostic essay example.

More Than 35% of Students Regard Plagiarism as Ethical Survey Finding

More Than 35% of Students Regard Plagiarism as Ethical: Survey Finding Plagiarism is defined as an act of presenting someone else’s ideas or work as your own with or without their consent by including it in your assignment without any acknowledgments. This type of behavior always existed in high schools and universities, but the evolution of the internet and technology made it more prevalent. Nowadays, students don’t have to go to a library to get the information they need for some assignment, they just Google it and start working. The problem occurs when most of the work they submit to their professor is plagiarized. Even bigger issue is the fact that students regard plagiarism as an ethical act. Plagiarism among students: how frequent is it? The Journal of Applied Sciences published a study which surveyed students about their perception of plagiarism, is that something they’d do, why they do it, and so on. The aim of this study was to highlight one of the most common actions in college students to find a way for faculty staff to put it under control. Survey findings show that 72.17% undergraduate students knew what plagiarism means while 11.30% confessed they copied someone else’s entire work or just a portion and then submitted it as they own without mentioning references, acknowledgments, or any other indicator to testify their action. Moreover, 32.17% students admit replacing the words of someone else’s work with their own words without citing the source. Even more shocking is the discovery that 40% students used the same words someone else used without any acknowledgments. As you can see, plagiarism is quite frequent among undergraduate students who usually opt not to include acknowledgments to the sources they used. They primarily use electronic resources as a source of plagiarism. In fact, 83.48% of them use the perks of the internet for this action. Furthermore, the survey also showed that 62.61% students used printed sources while 51.31% used works that belong to people they knew such as parents and colleagues. For most professors and other faculty staff, it’s quite alarming to see that increasing number of students aren’t reluctant to copy someone else’s work completely or use certain portions without citing the author. The rise of plagiarism can be explained by the fact that about 35% students consider this act as ethical. Students don’t understand plagiarism Students don’t understand what plagiarism really is or why they have to avoid it, according to a study whose findings were published in the Journal Higher Education. Although they understand the overall concept of plagiarism, the research showed they weren’t aware of potential implications of unintentional plagiarism. The lack of understanding could be due to two scenarios: students aren’t accessing information that professors provide on plagiarism or teachers don’t explain the problem properly. In most cases, it’s the latter. Students don’t understand what counts as plagiarism and what doesn’t, but they show a willingness to learn more about it. That’s why students feel it’s unfair to be penalized for something they don’t understand. Researchers from the University of Otago, New Zealand, call for universities to consider their plagiarism policies and how they might confuse students i.e. it is necessary to provide a practical and straightforward explanation of intentional and unintentional plagiarism to avoid confusion. Forms of plagiarism The University of Oxford defines different types of plagiarism, such as: Verbatim (word for word) – using quotations without acknowledgments Copy-paste action when using the internet without naming the source Paraphrasing – using someone else’s work and changing a few words or sentences to avoid any suspicion Collusion – refers to the unauthorized collaboration between students, avoiding to attribute assistance you received, or avoiding to follow certain regulations when working in groups Inaccurate citation – incorrect citing or naming references that you didn’t use Now acknowledging assistance – failure to acknowledge assistance you received when working on your project, e.g., colleagues, external sources, etc. Using material written by professional agencies or other people Auto-plagiarism – submitting work you have already written and presented before i.e. when the topic is similar it’s not okay to just change a few words and send the assignment.

Rhetorical Analysis on Outliers by Malcolm Gladwell

In Malcolm Gladwell’s book Outliers, he defines an outlier as someone who does something out of the ordinary or differently. The author is very credible and has a few awards for writing, â€Å"Outliers.† We should listen to Gladwell because some of his information is knowledgeable and can help with everyday life. His purpose is to teach us about the many rules that are being described in the book. The main intended audience would have to be the world and how he displays his values to millions of people. Malcolm Gladwell discusses how someone’s IQ that is in the upper one hundreds is the same as someone’s IQ in the lower one hundreds. Malcolm Gladwell has a lot of credibility and is a reliable source for information. He went to school for a†¦show more content†¦Right away the readers get interested in learning what the then thousand hour rule is about. Gladwell reviews the lives of extremely successful people and how they have had success. There are many ways in which logos are used in Outliers. Gladwell viewed children in Berlin playing the violin and saw that kids having ten thousand hours of practice, were proven to be better at playing the violin, than kids with less than ten thousand hours of practice. He also took a look at Bill gates, which dropped out of college and started a very successful company, called Microsoft. Bill Gates had thousands of hours of practice in programming and other abilities learned through his short years at college. There are no shortcuts at becoming great; everything can only be achieved with lots of practice and hard work. The tone that Gladwell uses in Outliers is long sentences to get his points across to the readers. He uses key points. There were some metaphors used in the book when he talks about the tallest oak trees in the forest and they helped describe the situation and what was being talked about. Many people are cognitive of outliers once they have read the book thoroughly. Some imagery was also showed when Gladwell talked about the winning team and how all of the players and reporters crammed into the locker room. Some people fancy the way that outliers think, act, and how they are successful. TheseShow MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis : The 10, 000 Hour Rule By Malcolm Gladwell921 Words   |  4 Pages Rhetorical Analysis Essay: â€Å"The 10,000-Hour Rule† How many hours of someone’s life are necessary to perfect a skill? 300? 5000? Perhaps try 10,000 hours. In this chapter from Outliers, â€Å"The 10,000-Hour Rule†, Malcolm Gladwell argues that talent isn’t innate, but takes 10,000 hours to perfect a skill based on opportunity, talent, and practice. Throughout the chapter â€Å"The 10,000-Hour Rule†, Malcolm Gladwell effectively relies on logos--evidence from well-known figures and charts that show age similarities--toRead MoreThe Outliers By Malcolm Gladwell2400 Words   |  10 Pagesideas are serious, entertaining or illogical. In The Outliers by Malcolm Gladwell, the author uses the book to portray a message about the characteristics needed to become a successful outlier. Are outliers just people who do not fit into mainstream society because they are above average? How does one become an outlier? The author not only answers lingering questions that the readers have about the title, but he also shows a way to become an outlier through various circumstances and situations. In fact

The Effects of a Lack of Sleep Essay - 1334 Words

Effects of a lack of sleep, known as insomnia, is the most common classification of sleep disorders. It was estimated that thirty to forty million Americans have difficulty staying asleep, falling asleep or waking earlier than they would like to, and cannot get back to sleep. Most people settle that this is just a part of life, and the poor quality of sleep proceeds to eat away at the quality of life that could be attained. This seems to be a silent menace that people do not seem to take seriously and could be handled through learning how to deal with stress, taking melatonin, exercise regularly, medicines, or even surgery. Research in youth and adult has found that insomnia can affect a persons behavior; such as violent to lethargic†¦show more content†¦If sleep is interrupted then an imbalance of hormones can take place. As an example; a deficiency of sleep is the beginning to an increase in the production of cortisol, which is a stress hormone. 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Nigerian Construction Industry And Its Performance - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 21 Words: 6417 Downloads: 7 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Statistics Essay Did you like this example? Chapter Two of this research comprises a comprehensive review of literature relating to the Nigerian construction industry and its performance, Value Management and its application in the construction industry. It is noted that much of the literature relating to Nigeria is dated, however this can only add to the value and relevance of primary data collected in this research and it provides a background and historic basis from which progress in the industry may be measured. 2.1 THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Nigerian Construction Industry And Its Performance" essay for you Create order The construction industry the world over is often perceived to be the life wire of its respective economy as it cuts across all aspects of human activities (Ayangade, 2009) and the Nigerian construction industry is not an exception to this. Its contribution ranges from enabling the procurement of goods and services to the provision of buildings and other infrastructure, thereby providing employment opportunities to its labour force while contributing immensely to the Gross Domestic Product (GDP). According to Ayangade (2009), the contribution of the Nigerian construction industry is yet to measure up to those of the western world like the UK and Australia due to its developing nature among other reasons discussed below. As noted by the same researcher (Ayangade, 2009), whereas the construction industries of other developed countries are responsible for about 22% of their respective GDPà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s, the Nigerian case is different as it contributes slightly below 16% to its econ omy. However, this could be said to be complemented by the relatively higher employment (20%) it provides for its whooping 140 million citizens compared to the 12% as in the case of developed countries. Mbamali (2004) attributed this to relatively lower use of mechanization within construction in Nigeria and the high dependency of the Nigerian economy on the oil sector. Obiegbu (2005) noted that the construction industry, unlike other sectors, is a complex one and requires articulate professionals who are ready to live up to its clients expectations. Clients in the construction industry may either be private individuals including corporate bodies or public organisations which include the government. In Nigeria the federal government is often seen to be involved in the most complex projects with about 38.4% of the market (Ayangade, 2005). This is followed by the state government which is responsible for about 19.2% of the projects in the industry, though there is still some form of p artnering between different classes of clients. The players in the industry are a disparate group of individuals often assembled into temporary teams and may comprise of quantity surveyors, architects, Engineers, Estate surveyors Valuers, project managers, contractors and sub-contractors, suppliers, labourers and artisans. Activities in the construction industry are carried out on a project basis and could be within an organisation or part of a programme (..reference). The Project Management Institute (PMI) (2004) defined a project as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“a temporary endeavour undertaken to create a unique product, service or resultà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. The product, in the context of the construction industry, may be a building, services installation or other infrastructural project. Hence the relevant mix of professionals is often assembled together with the aim of achieving this goal. This group of professionals is expected to possess the relevant skills, knowledge, tools and techniques to achieve the project goals. The application of these variables, skills, knowledge, tools and techniques, with the aim achieving the required objective is referred to as project management (PMI, 2004). According to Obiegbu (2005), the contractual procurement strategy, which he defined as a basis for clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s acti on in defining the procedure to be followed from the inception of the project to handover, plays an important role in the performance of the industry. Some of the contractual arrangements which are often referred to as procurement routes may include, but are not limited to, the following: Traditional procurement route Design and build Management contracts 2.1.1 Nature and Performance of the Nigerian Construction Industry the economic resources often wasted in cost and time overruns, substandard work and shoddy workmanship, client-contractor-practitionerà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s acrimonious relationships and non-performance of projects as envisaged by clients and end usersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? Olatunje (2009) The above quote highlights the perception of the Nigerian construction industry presented by Olatunje (2009) highlights issues researched by other authors such as cost and time overruns (Aniekwu and Okpala, 1998, Oyedele Tham, 2007, Dlakwa Culpin, 1990), project abandonment (Sonuga et al, 2002, Adams, 1997) and both client and contractor dissatisfaction (Olatunje, 2009). The quote also echoes findings from Egans (1998) research into the UK construction industry. The Egan report has been formative in the UK construction industry but also for the Nigerian industry, which is fashioned after the UKs (Mbamali, et al., 2005, Oyedele Tham, 2007). The Nigerian construction industry has similar contractual arrangements as the industry in Britain which has been found to be more unsuitable for developing industries like Nigeria than it is for its own industry (Edmonds Miles, 1983, Sonuga et al, 2002). The most common procurement route used in the Nigerian construction industry is the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“traditional routeà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Ayangade, 2009). This implies that much risk is placed on the Architect to deliver the project as he is left to advise, organise and lead other project consultants to conceive and develop the project design. This procurement route has faced a lot of criticism including the separation of the design stage from actual construction. Wells (1986) found that the divorce of design from construction and the use of competitive tendering, which is based on lowest cost, are noted constraints that affect the performance of the Nigerian construction industry. Aniekwu and Okpala (1988) referred to these as systemic i ssues in the industry which result from the application of contractual arrangements unsuited to the Nigerian industry. Some of these issues may be accommodated by appropriate conditions of contract but these factors are considered to be withholding the development of the industry. Aniekwu and Okpala (1988) also identified some of the structural issues affecting the industry to include access to finance and lack of proper communication among consultants, contractors and the client at the early stages the project and during construction. Oyodele and Tham (2005) noted that lack of proper communication in the industry, boosted by its high level of fragmentation, has left it awash it with delay, cost and time overruns in addition to the disturbing rate of fluctuation in the prices of materials offered by the economy. The findings of the Building Research Establishment associated more than 50% of the construction defects with mistakes in project drawings and documentation due to inadequat e interaction among the project professionals. This is in line with the recommendation of the National Economic Development Office (1987) on the need for more accurate designs in the industry as this is responsible for nearly two-thirds of poor quality work in the industry. 2.1.2 Project Management in the Nigerian Construction Industry Odusemi et al, (2003) found that Project Management is still in its early stages of development in the Nigerian construction industry. The service is offered but only alongside other consultancy services. This is not assisted by the fact that PM is learned experientially and is not represented by established professional bodies, although many consultants are members of the Association of Project Management (APM) and the Project Management Institute (PMI). This has left the industry struggling with the challenges of satisfying the needs of its clients and the public as a whole. As noted by Oyodale and Tham (2005), the complexities presented by the industry can only be tackled by its professionals. Aibinu and Jagboro (2002) concluded that, considering the contribution of the construction industry to its nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy, improved services in the form of greater efficiency and timeliness would certainly yield a positive impact. The research called on the need for innova tive research that will improve management skills and ability, buildability, design quality, integration and communication and client focus so as to deliver value for money. 2.2 VALUE MANAGEMENT 2.2.1 Value Concept Historically, value is viewed from an economic perspective, hence its expression as a ratio of costs to benefits (Kelly et al, 2004). à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“The concept of value is based on the relationship between satisfying needs and the expectations and the resources required to achieve themà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (British Standard, 2000). The above statement implies that for value to be correctly defined there ought to be some needs that are desired to be satisfied; which are then weighed against the required and available resources to achieve them. This however does not equate reduced cost to enhanced value. For instance, as illustrated in figure 2.1 below, a project manager may decide to commit more resources in the short run (which would obviously increase cost) with an intention of increasing his revenue (improved value) in the long run. Value can thus be increased when the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s satisfaction increases and the cost in terms of resources either diminishes, or increases to a lesser extent (Tassinari (1985, p37). Figure 2.1 showing the relationship between resources and customer satisfaction. (Adapted from British Standard, 2000) A need is that which is desired or necessary to perform a particular function and will differ depending on the nature of the client or the perspective from which it is defined (British Standard, 2000). This explains why value is often seen to be a subjective term (Thiry, 1997). According to Kelly et al (2004) producers and dealers may both view value as the price of a physical object while the consumers or users would see value from its performance perspective which changes with time. McGeorge and Palmer (2002) illustrate this using a modern home which has a little battery operated radio in addition to internet, phone, and television. Of course, the small radio would be perceived to have little or no value until a snow storm cuts the house off from the electric power supply which will render the radio as the only source of communication. The above example by McGeorge and Palmer (2002) shows the effect time and innovation can have on a clientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ interpretation of value and how it can change given a particular situation. The small battery operated radio was initially of very high value when it was the only available option but diminished with the invention and/or acquisition of internet, phone and television by the household. However its appreciation changed when the situation change. According to Zimmerman and Hart (1982) as cited in Thiry (1997), à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“if a design has not changed in 18 years, the product is either excellent or management has failed to improve ità ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?. However one knows that neither of these two conditions mentioned in the above statement is obtainable in the present construction industry due to its highly competitive nature. Most times clientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ interpretation of value is when it meets or exceeds their expectations. Kelly and Male (2007) described this using the Kanoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model as shown in figure 2.3 below. Figure 2.2 Kanos Model, reproduced from Kelly and Male, 2007 As shown on Kanoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model above, there are three levels of satisfaction factors; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“basicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“performanceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“delighterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, each having some effects on the quality characteristics including customers satisfaction. According to Kelly and Male (2007), Kanoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model (figure 2.2) does not only portray the importance of achieving a clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s immediate expectations from a project but also the need to go the extra mile to improve it beyond the clients expectations as this gives them a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"delighterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ satisfaction. The possible benefit from this is that projects would not become obsolete within a short period of its completion as its performance would still exceed the customersà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ demand, thereby assuring the client of continued good value for his money. Kanoà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s model also creates room for improved projects throug h innovative services and products as what was once a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"delighterà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ over time goes down to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"basicà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ and forms a baseline below which the client becomes dissatisfied. According to Harty (2009) one of the driving forces behind the value management concept is that it encourages innovation through research which is in line with the recommendations of Egan (1998) to improve the performance of the construction industry. 2.2.2 Defining the Client Value System Clients in the construction industry have been described as a heterogeneous group made up of private or public organisations operating in different environments with diverse reasons for their existence (Kelly et al 2007). Some of these are multinational organisations competing at the global level who already have reputations to protect while some are small upcoming organisations who are still very much profit driven. Viewed from another perspective, some of these clients are more experienced than others irrespective of their sizes or the sector in which they operate. It then follows that clients are unique in their own ways and have individual, respective requirements which determine their needs and hence what is of value to them. This is referred to as the client value system. Harmonizing and prioritizing these diverse views of stakeholders in a particular project at the project briefing stage sets the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s value system and ensures that value for money (VfM) is achieved, (OGC, 2007). The client value system is thus seen as a basis for making decisions as to the allocation and use of resources available for a project, thereby addressing the usual mismatch between the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s actual intent and his capability (Thiry, 1996). According to Kelly et al (2004, p157) one of the most important considerations of value management is the recognition of the uniqueness of each clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s value system. This creates demand for the construction industry as it is focused on the customers by making explicit what value means to the each individual client. Sequel to this, Kelly et al (2004) identified some measurable criteria which form a typical construction client value system to include time, capital costs, operating cost, environment, exchange, flexibility, esteem, comfort and politics. 2.2.2.1 Time Refers to the period from when the project was conceptualized to the period when it is completed and absorbed into the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s organisation. Often time is assessed on a continuum from when it is of essence to the point where it could be compromised (Kelly et al, 2004). For instance a project to build a sports bar for the 2010 world cup delivered just a day past the commencement of the tournament, may drastically affect its value. Hence it is necessary to determine what time means to the client. 2.2.2.2 Capital expenditure (CAPEX) Are those costs associated with the capital cost of a project, measured on a continuum between the budget being considered tight and not able to be exceeded to there being flexibility in budgeting (Kelly et al 2004). Simply put, CAPEX is what it cost to put a project on ground, from inception to handover. However, Elinwa and Joshua (2001) stated that it is sometimes difficult to separate the capital costs of some projects from its operating costs due the platform on which it was procured. For example a primary health centre to be procured through PFI, it may not be so easy to pin point the capital costs as it forms part of the total lease package. 2.2.2.3 Operating expenditure (OPEX) Spending on construction projects is not one off expenditure as the building requires to be operated, maintained and repaired throughout the life span of the building. According to Kelly et al (2004), OPEX can be defined as those costs associated with operation and maintenance of a completed project as it becomes a part of the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s organization; measured by the extent to which it is minimized to its point of being flexible. This depends on the use to which a building is being put to. For instance where the building is for residential purpose, the operating costs may include utilities, cleaning, repairs, maintenance, caretaker and security. This may be expanded to include photocopying and internet facilities and other office services for a commercial development. 2.2.2.4 Environment This defines how important achieving an environmentally friendly project is to the client. Kelly et al (2004) defined environment as the extent to which the project results in a sympathetic approach to its immediate and extended physical environments in terms of energy consumed in putting it up and in operating it. The yardstick here is the level to which the project complies with the Kyoto Agreement and Agenda 21 issues including other environmental regulations. This explains a clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s interest in having a sustainable development which is resources conscious. 2.2.2.5 Exchange or resale This refers to the monetary value of the project were it to be sold, rented or valued as part of an organisations assets. Where the project cannot be traded on the open market value or there is no intention to resell ab initio, this will be indicated in the organisationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s value system (Kelly et al, 2004). The continuum here is between the returns from the project being of importance to the returns being of not of much or no importance to the client. 2.2.2.6 Flexibility As recommended by Egan (1998), there is a need for construction projects to be at a par with improvements in technology and changes in market demand. Hence flexibility as a value criterion is the extent to which a project parameter has to reflect this ever changing environment at its design stage (Kelly et al 2004). For instance, the nature of the healthcare industry involves constant improvements in technology and hence healthcare facilities must be compatible with the incorporation of these changes. However, flexibility depends on the nature of the project and is measured between being very easy to change its function to being impossible. 2.2.2.7 Esteem This refers to the amount of immediate resources that a client wants to forgo for attributes like prestige, aesthetic and appearance rather than performance (Thiry, 1996). Some projects may not be viable based on other value criteria but of high value to the client on esteem grounds. For instance, some projects undertaken by some countries could be just aimed at creating awareness and putting the countryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s name on the mapà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? as in the case of the worlds tallest building in Dubai. 2.2.2.8 Comfort In the context of a building this refers to the physical and psychological comfort of the building as a place for working and living with its influence on human performance (Kelly et al 2004). Simply put, it refers to the ease with which the project supports the business carried out in it or other uses to which it is being put. 2.2.2.9 Politics This is external to projects and refers to the level of resources that the client wants to commit to the community, popularity and good neighbour issues which often determines how important they are to him (Kelly and Male, 2007). This is measured by the motive to be popular with the local community or not having any concern with them at all. In a study conducted to determine clientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ assessment of architectsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ performance in Nigeria in terms of delivering value for money, Lukmon et al (2007), identified a set of 28 similar but correlated criteria which they grouped under quality of project, buildability, client focus and management skills. 2.2.3 Historical Background of Value Management A project is defined as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“an undertaking aimed at achieving a specific objective usually measured in terms of performance, budget and schedule,à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Morris and Hough 1987). Hence project is an investment undertaken to add value to the core business of a client (Kelly et al, 2004). Value Management, as a management technique, offers the most logical approach to delivering VfM to clients (Shen and Liu 2003); Kelly and Male, 2007). Its strength may be attributed to its approach of identifying and/or verifying a clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s value system among the relevant stakeholders at an early stage of the project, so that these may be reflected in the project design. According to Thiry (1996) the origins of VM can be traced back to the 1940s in what he described as à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“more for lessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? in the USA manufacturing industry. During World War II Lawrence Miles, an Engineer with General Electric, was faced with some strategic problems in producing some components which were easily produced in the past. As a way around this Miles, who before then has been dissatisfied with the cost of production in the industry, came to realise that most times circumstantial innovations result in better performance and reduced cost. This prompted Miles to ask à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“what function does this component performà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“how else can we perform that functionà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Dallas, 2006). Miles questions gave rise to the concept of function analysis which was aimed at identifying and analysing the intended functions to determine if the materials for the proposed solution can be substituted with less expensive ones. Not long af ter, people started to adopt the technique of focusing on the intended function not the process which soon developed into what is today referred to as Value Analysis (VA). In many cases people perceived the technique as a cost reduction technique at the expense of improved functionality which is a total misconception of the technique (Kelly and Male, 1993). However, the technique was so successful that in less than 10 years it was adopted in the US Department of Defence to deliver VfM and from then on other industries in the USA have adapted it for application at different phases of their projects. Value Management (VM) as it came to be called, refers to a structured management of the total value equation throughout all stages of the project (Kelly et al; 2004). Figure 2.3 shows different stages and segments of the development of value management. Figure 2.3 The metamorphosis of Value Management, adapted from Dallas (2006) As illustrated in figure 2.3, Miles action in the 1940s was focused on getting alternative materials or components to perform the required function which was the beginning of value management. This was later perceived as a cost cutting technique before the adoption of a holistic structured approach to improving value (Kelly and Male, 1993). Following the development and positive impacts of value management in the US manufacturing sector, the technique was adopted into the US construction industry as a means of delivering VfM to its clientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ in the 1960s. Fong and Shen (2000) noted that VM was first introduced in the US construction industry in 1968 and its application in the Chinese construction industry is recorded to occur 10 years later (Shen and Liu, 2004). According to Kelly et al (2004), the value management technique was first used in the UK 30 years after it was introduced in the US manufacturing industry at the Xerox headquarters, an American company. From then on VM has grown to become widely accepted in different parts of the world as a logical means to achieve value for money (Fong, 2004; Kelly et al, 2004; Ellis et al, 2004) including in Africa (Bowen et al, 2008). 2.2.4 Benefits of Value management à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Value management is a proactive, problem solving service, which maximizes the functional value of a project through a structured team which makes explicit the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s value system and weights further decisions against the value systemà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?.(Kelly et al, 1998). VM aims to justify the place of a project in a clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s organisation at an early stage and develops a strategic plan against which it is built on to deliver value for money. VM is often misconstrued to being a cost reduction exercise, hence seen to be synonymous with value engineering. According to Dallas (2006) cost reduction, which is an obvious output of a value management exercise, cannot after all be seen as its main motive. As illustrated in figure 2.4 below, VM incorporates value engineering and value analysis in its value definition exercise and so could be perceived to be a universal set for the three concepts. Figure 2.4 shows the relationship between Value Management, Value Engineering and Value Analysis, adapted from Connaughton and Green (1996) VM looks at a project from a holistic point of view (time, whole life cost and performance) in the context of its usage which properly fits in the definition of value for money (). Connaughton and Green (1996) identified the following benefits which a properly executed Value Management exercise can yield: The need for the project is made explicit and verified by available data. The project objectives are identified and discussed openly to reach a consensus. Rational, explicit and measurable decisions are guaranteed after alternatives have been considered. Project designs are developed from the agreed framework, which are evaluated on the basis of the agreed performance criteria. There is greater participation from stakeholders which guarantees their buy in. There is improved communication and teamwork spirit throughout the project. Improved innovation with better quality definition in the project. Unnecessary cost is eliminated which may lead to a reduction in cost. Properly executed, value management when employed at the early stages of a project can help eliminate unnecessary cost to the tune of 10% to 25% savings on the proposed capital cost of project (Ellis et al, 2004). This is considered to be reasonable compared to the actual cost of the VM exercise, which is estimated at about 0.5% to 1% of the projectà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s cost (REF). 2.3 APPLICATION OF VALUE MANAGEMENT IN THE CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Any construction project should be only commissioned following a careful analysis of needs since failure to think through project requirements will almost certainly cause problems for subsequent design and construction stages. For that reason, the Construction Industry Board recommends that value management be incorporated as an integral part of the construction processà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? (Baldwin 1998). The value management approach may differ between countries depending on the nature of their construction industry or the chosen procurement route in a particular project. However, this does not dispute the fact that the VM technique can be gainfully applied at any stage of a construction project, as clients/contractors are often faced with the challenge of finding an optimum balance between cost, time, quality and performance criteria (Fong 2004). In the UK, the USA, Australia and other countries where the value management technique is well established, VM is applied through a process referred to as the value management study (British Standard, 2000) or value management process (Kelly et al; 1998) via a workshop approach facilitated by value manager or experienced team facilitator. A value management study, as defined in BS12947, involves the application of value management to a particular business case identified within a VM programme. Baldwin (1998, as cited in Kelly et al, 1998) noted that VM is not a question of brainstorming and problem solving, rather it requires a structured methodology in order to have the required outcome. Figure 2.5 overleaf depicts a simple VM study plan developed for the European Value Management standard (British Standard, 2000). Figure 2.5 shows a simple VM study plan, adapted from the British Standard (2000) The VM study plan represents a systematic approach to ensuring that appropriate techniques and skills are utilized in the value study. According to the British Standard (2000), as shown in the VM study plan above, a VM study should aim to achieve the following objectives; Identify the objectives and targets the intended study is set to achieve; as this may differ from the project objectives. Formulate the relevant approach needed to achieve the objectives, including team selection and training (where necessary). Identify the relevant functions which will lead to the achievement of the objectives. Identify some basis for measuring changes in performance and use of resources. Set targets for performance and use of resources for the above identified functions in a way peculiar to the organisations. Identify innovative ways of arriving at the targets through the application of the above methods. Evaluate the proposal for improvement. Implement the proposal which have been chosen by the decision makers Monitor and measure the outcomes in relation to the target. Feedback results for continuous improvement of VM programme. There are different approaches to value management studies in different countries with regards to team compositions and workshop procedure. For instance in the American construction industry, VM studies are typically carried out by an independent workshop team who will have to à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“sellà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? their ideas to the project team later on. This is different from the UK practice where the existing project team is fully involved in the study. In a benchmarking exercise carried by Kelly et al (1998), the use of an existing project team in conducting value management studies appeared to be the preferred approach due to the following advantages accruable to the project; Cost of the study is relatively minimized Time spent project briefing the study participants is reduced Waste of resources on previously considered but failed ideas are eliminated Offers better opportunity for developing project teams during the workshop More opportunity to explore all available options Implementation is more guaranteed as team members have already accepted ideas which they generated as a team, thereby reducing the development period. However, generic VM workshop strives to add value to a project by considering the project on its whole life basis. Kelly et al (1998) who were in support of this view identified the five key value opportunities at which VM technique can be employed to include pre-brief workshop, proper workshop, sketch design workshop, final working design and implementation workshop. 2.3.1 Pre-brief workshop The Value Manager or Facilitator meets with the project sponsor/client to clarify the place of the project in his organisation or programme. This will give the two parties a better understanding of the functional expectations of the project so as to help form a basis for the project briefing workshop and the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s value system. This may yield solution/s to the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s problem, for example, whether a new building is needed or renovation of existing one will achieve the same objectives. 2.3.2 Proper workshop Proceeds from the identified solution in the pre-brief phase and aims to identify the clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s value system. This workshop offers an opportunity to facilitate the project team, understand their dynamics and guide them to achieve the desired goal. Though it is expected that the workshop has an agenda, this should not be too detailed, thereby making the timings tight, as this may divert the focus from achieving the objectives of the workshop to exhausting the items on the agenda. The tactical skills of the Facilitator are very much needed at this stage of the workshop if its participants are to be productive and should be as brief and focused as possible. 2.3.3 Sketch design workshop Sets a base for the detailed drawings and represents the design teamà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s perception of the preceding project brief. This is often in the form sketches and notes to support the drawings where necessary. These are presented to the relevant stakeholders in the form of outline proposals and scheme designs. 2.3.4 Final working design (FWD) workshop Follows the outline proposals and scheme designs are presented, just before the actual design of the project starts. The activities considered in the workshop may include some elements and components issues for detailed drawings, production information, bill of quantities and tender actions. 2.3.5 Implementation workshop This workshop addresses the buildability of the emerged project design and how materials will be procured. This is to be done following the appointment of the contractor and sub-contractors. A number of authors (Dallas 2006; Ellis et al, 2005; Thiry 2001) including Kelly et al (1998) agreed that in addition to the above workshop approach that the use of the charette workshop is fast gaining grounds among professionals. This approach is described as the combination of the first three workshops discussed above. However, Ellis et al (2005) concluded that the stages of the workshop is not of much importance provided the à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“job plan sequenceà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? is either followed or adapted to highlight the value opportunities which he referred to as decision points. SAVE International defines the job plan as an organized approach to the conduct of a value study (Thiry, 1996, p14). Figure 2.6 represents a value management job plan. Figure 2.6 a VM study job plan, Shen Liu (2004) As mentioned earlier, there is no conclusive format for the job plan as it may differ in approach but will basically have the same aim which is to identify and guide the relevant professionals and stakeholders to achieve the project goal. Research carried out by Kelly and Hunter (2007) on the duration of VM workshops among practitioners showed some disparities not necessarily among countries but among professionals even within the same countries. For instance, though the general job plan in the UK and the US is to have VM studies workshop last for 1 day and 3-5 days respectively, some practitioners in the US prefer shorter VM workshops as they and participants could have other engagements or may get bored of the process. On the other hand, some professionals in the UK were of the view that more time spent on VM workshops means a more in-depth study. However, Thiry (2001) noted the debate on VMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s workshop duration is controversial as the complexities presented by the nature of some projects would rather make it difficult to succumb to some clients demand for shorter VM workshops. Kelly and Hunter (2007) concluded that the overall duration of workshops cannot be pegged either in UK or US practice, rathe r the nature of the project and client in question would be the determining factors. 2.4 VALUE MANAGEMENT INTERVENTION As a management technique, VM concentrates on identifying and verifying a clientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s value system within their organisation or programme by providing the right mix of multi-disciplinary team and stakeholders together at the right time (Male et al, 2007). As noted earlier, most practitioners misconstrue VM to be a cost cutting exercise and hence apply VM at a later stage of the project after the design has been developed. This however cannot be said to go against the principles of VM as its technique can rightly be applied at any stage of the project. In a debate on the place of the quantity surveying profession in the practice of value management, Green and Liu (2007) attributes this to a bid for the cost consultants to win the market through minimizing cost. Kelly et al (2004) use a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“lever of qualityà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? to illustrate some different points at which value management can intervene in the project lifecycle and the comparative amount of pressure tha t will be required to improve value, figure 2.7. Figure 2.7 Winston Davies Lever of Quality, adapted from Kelly et al (2004) Figure 2.7 illustrates the impact of value management technique applied at the different stages of a project. Figure 2.8 shows the level of application of VM and the different intervention points (Male et al, 1998) Obviously, projects bring about change(s) to organisations and at its strategic stage the emphasis is to find the motive and expectations of the project and so, not much resources (if any) need to be invested. This implies that VM, if applied at this early stage as shown in figure 2.7, could be more economical in terms cost, time and performance. As noted by Kelly et al (2004 pp98) opportunity to improve project value is greater at the beginning of the project and will require relatively more force (resources) as it goes down the lever. This is because when applied at the early stage of the project, the required functions are identified by the project team and stakeholders thereby ensuring their buy-in. This implies that the only expected change will be that caused by the introduction of change to the project as opposed to changing an already developed design. Male et al (2007) added that reactive application of the VM technique will involve a re-arrangement of a distorted value syst em and bearing in mind that extra cost is incurred in re-tracing steps, achievement of value for money (VfM) could be relatively more difficult. Project completion and performance could also be threatened as altering the sequence of tasks may cause the project team to become dysfunctional. 2.5 CONSTRAINTS OF VALUE MANAGEMENT à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“Value management methods have developed and are widely used since its first introduction into the USA construction industryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬?, (Fong and Shen 2000). Numerous researchers including Kelly et al, (2004) pg 48; Ellis et al, (2005) have at one point or another made similar assertions in their individual works. Whereas this could be true in countries like the UK, Australia and the USA, the result of the research by Bowen et al, (2009) in which he verified the validity of these assertions shows that VM techniques, due to some factors, is yet to be fully embraced in some countries. Part of the reason being that prior to the evolution of VM, professionals in the construction industry have used other management techniques (value planning, value engineering, value analysis, total quality management, for example) through which they deliver value for money to clients and so may still continue to use these. According Green and Connaughton (1996) and Bowen et al (2009) som e professionals claim that à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"value management is what we do anywayà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. Where this may be true, as they do deliver value for money to client sometimes, Green and Connaughton (1996) pointed out that the motive of value management is to guarantee VfM in all projects and not à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‹Å"sometimesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢. A similar study carried out by Fong (2004) revealed that one of the problems affecting the development of VM is its perceived attempt to integrate into other concepts likes partnering, benchmarking and re-engineering as a value enhancing exercise. Harty (2009) noted that this would probably result in professionals or clients perceiving VM as part of a process to improve efficiency rather than an established technique on its own. Naderpajouh and Afshar (2007) noted that some professionals are risk averters and so are reluctant to be innovative which makes them avoid the technique. Hence there is need for an established professional and academic image that will promote and foster understanding among corporate organisations, government agencies and the public. On their part, Fong and Shen (2000), in addition to a lack of knowledge and understanding among clients and practitioners, noted that lack of time and reluctance in adopting the VM technique could be a possible hindrance to its gr owth. This reluctant approach is displayed by the adoption of a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã…“tick-the-boxà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬? approach in public sector projects or other organisations where the policy makes it mandatory to apply VM. According to Shen and Liu (2004), the absence of an established methodology for applying VM could also be a hindering factor to its application. Following VMà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s migration from the manufacturing industry and its adaptation into the construction industries of different countries at different times with varied objectives, some countries still lack a harmonised guideline for its application. Bowen et al (2009) noted that even when this is done, they rarely make efforts to benchmark it with other international practices. For instance, some practitioners may find the use of qualified facilitators in a workshop situation as adding extra cost to projects as well as time consuming. This may result in either clients resorting to an informal approach without an experien ced facilitator to provide a structured approach to identifying clientsà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ value system. The result of this may not be so different from what is obtained through other management techniques thereby questioning the uniqueness of value management. Furthermore, Green and Connaughton (1996) stated that well conducted VM studies achieve about 10% to 25% savings on the project and prevents the possible time that could be wasted as a result of frequent alterations due to lack of proper understanding of requirements. This is obviously good compensation for a cost of about 0.5% to 1% incurred as a result of value management studies (REF).

Hysteria, Evil and Hope Depicted in The Crucible Essay

In â€Å"The Crucible†, there are words that have different meanings based on their context such as hysteria, evil and hope, which applies to the content of the play. Hysteria destroys the people of Salem, evil is within the Devil, and hope is when the characters confess. â€Å"The Crucible† displays hysteria in many ways throughout the play, but the main act of hysteria was that it wrecked the people of Salem. Hysteria is an exaggerated or uncontrollable emotion, which is mainly demonstrated by divisions of society. Hysteria takes a main part of the play because it caused the people of Salem to do such unreasonable acts. One hysterical act in â€Å"The Crucible† was during the Salem Witch Trials, one hundred fifth people were accused for practicing†¦show more content†¦Evil is a profoundly immoral and malevolent. Evil is shown all through the play, firstly through the Devil and then through the characters. The Devil is evil because it caused many crimes such as the multiple deaths of babies and so on. Marry Warren and others have been trying to catch the Devil and to stop all this absurd villainy, â€Å"The Devil is loose in Sale, Mr. Proctor, we must discover where he’s hiding.† Although he may seem that all thi s evil is coming from the Devil, yet it is also coming from Abigail Williams. â€Å" You drank a charm to John Proctor’s wife! You drank a charm to kill Goody Proctor†, this shows that Abigail has the desire to have John Proctor and she is willing to act evil, like the Devil. This clearly shows that this selfish act of Abigail’s was her own act of evil, rather than the Devil’s. In the end, evil is not only the Devil to blame for all the wrongdoings in the play, but other characters also have the qualities of the Devil. The Crucible†, the play indicates that there is hope for the people who have done such disasters.Hope is a feeling of expectation and desire for a certain thing to happen. Though the play has many harmful dramatic actions going on, towards the end there are still people who still have hope by confessing their sinful sins. John Proctor attempts to break the witch trial system by confessing his sins. His first confession is when he admits that he has been cheating onShow MoreRelatedCorrupt Government Lies In 1984 And The Crucible1496 Words   |  6 PagesAll governments lie. It is the duty of the individual to uncover the truth. George Orwell and Arthur Miller warn the readers of the dangers when a corrupt government lies to their citizens to preserve their power in their texts, 1984 and The Crucible. Through their characters, the authors portray the conflict between the State’s propensity to lie and the individual’s desire for truth. 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